Tuesday, December 18, 2012

Meet A Tiny, Decoy-Building Spider

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December 18, 2012
Meet A Tiny, Decoy-Building Spider


Image courtesy Phil Torres

It's never fun to be the smallest -- after all, you're always getting picked on by someone bigger than you. But at least one tiny spider has come up with a way to intimidate and confuse would-be predators: It builds a decoy.

This 5mm-long spider -- probably a new species in the genus Cyclosa -- was discovered by biologist and science educator Phil Torres at Peru's Tambopata Research Center. The arachnid arranges small pieces of leaves, debris, and dead insects along specialized silk strands called stabilimenta in a symmetrical shape. The end result looks like a bigger spider (complete with legs) that the small spider hides above or behind to protect itself from bigger predators.

Spiders in the Cyclosa genus are known for putting debris in their web to attract prey or to confuse predators like paper wasps, which end up eating the debris instead. But none of the spiders build a decoy as detailed as this arachnid. Torres and his team found approximately 25 of the spiders in one floodplain area, and plan to collect specimens to determine if it is, in fact, a new species.


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Monday, December 17, 2012

O Christmas Tree

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December 17, 2012
O Christmas Tree


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Need something to talk about during Christmas dinner? Look no further than the tree in your living room. The genes of that lavishly decorated Douglas fir are old. Very old: New research has revealed that the genome of conifers-which includes spruces, pines, and firs-has hardly changed since dinosaurs walked the Earth.

Thanks to that stability, there are far fewer species of conifers than there are of other plants. Conifers and flowering plants, or angiosperms, diverged from a common ancestor around 300 million years ago; today, there are more than 400,000 species of angiosperms-which must evolve to survive in various environments-but only 600 species of conifers. (There are still small-scale genetic mutations, but overall, the structure of the genome has been pretty stable.)

The key to the conifer's success is in its plumbing. The trees carry water up their trunks with tiny, single-celled parallel pipes called tracheids. Conifers have 10 times as many of these pipes as flowering plants, which means they're not at a disadvantage in the competition for water. And that brings us back to the tree in your living room: Make sure it's well watered, so it doesn't drop its needles before you're done celebrating.

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Wednesday, December 12, 2012

So Cheesy

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December 12, 2012
So Cheesy


There are few foods more delicious than a good cheese. No one knows exactly when we started turning milk into fromage, but scientists recently uncovered evidence that suggests people were making and enjoying cheese as early as 7500 years ago.

In Poland, scientists unearthed 34 perforated pottery vessels that resembled modern cheese strainers. They assumed that that's what the pieces of pottery were, but wanted to rule out flame covers, chafing dishes, and honey strainers first. When the team at Bristol University analyzed the residues left on the pottery, the evidence for cheese-making "was stunning," says Bristol University Professor Richard Evershed . "If you then put together the fact that there are milk fats in with the holes in the vessels, along with the size of the vessels and knowing what we know about how milk products are processed, what other milk product could it be?"

If they're correct, that means people were making cheese in northern Europe during Neolithic times -- much earlier than the only other written evidence for the activity, which occurred around 5000 years ago.

And by the way, scientists think that the cheese being made was likely a soft, cow's milk type. Sounds delicious.


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Wednesday, December 5, 2012

From the Desk of Bob Mankoff - December 5, 2012, Dog Cartoons scroll down

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Dear Laughter Lovers,

Do you know someone who adores dogs? Silly question. Even if you yourself are not a member of the Church of Canis Lupus Familiaris, you probably know many congregants. So, hallelujah and amen! “The Big New Yorker Book of Dogs” is available at fine bookstores everywhere. Go and get one. They’re going fast.


I feel certain that even the most dognostic among you, who are ready to scoff at the church of the dog, will stay to pray if you read this good book. It’s wonderfully worthy of man’s most loyal companion, as well as the women and kids to whom he’s equally devoted. You’ll find many great essays, articles, and stories packed in these three hundred and eighty-four pages, and, of course, lots of cartoons.

How could there not be? Man’s best friend is also the cartoonist’s favorite animal.

The dog’s classic cartoon antagonist, the cat, runs a rather distant second.

Despite the preponderance of dog cartoons, there have been more New Yorker cat-cartoon books than dog ones.

For dog lovers, we hope the seventy-six cartoons in the new book redresses that imbalance. Not that there’s anything wrong with cat-cartoon books, or cats themselves, although you would definitely get into an argument with our dogs on this subject.
“Bums” not for their antipathy toward dogs but for their lack of empathy for that paragon of animals: us.
The problem with cats, of course, is this:
They have an agenda that rarely matches our own.
Not so for Fido. Cat aloofness is alien to dogkind. Their transparent emotions make them both lovable and comical.
The philosopher Henri Bergson wrote in his book “Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic” that “the comic does not exist outside the pale of what is strictly HUMAN. A landscape may be beautiful, charming and sublime, or insignificant and ugly; it will never be laughable. You may laugh at an animal, but only because you have detected in it some human attitude or expression.” That’s why these photos are funny:
The genius of the George Booth cover (above) is that even the back of a Booth dog, within the context of patient persistent longing, is humanly expressive. Turn him around and there’s attitude aplenty, although that attitude can be quite different.
In “The Big New Yorker Book of Dogs,” Adam Gopnik has a delightful essay called “Dog Story,” in which he writes, “Dogs have little imagination about us and our inner lives but limitless intuition about them; we have false intuitions about their inner lives but limitless imagination about them. Our relationship meets in the middle.”
And try as we might, our relationship is fraught with misunderstanding.
The earliest dog cartoons that appeared in The New Yorker, in the nineteen-twenties, searched for the shared mental space between dogs and people by projecting personhood on the dogs, who are drawn realistically, and are still obviously real dogs.
In his essay, Adam goes on to say, “We, creatures of language who organize our experience in abstract concepts, can’t imagine what it’s like to be in the head of a being that has no language. To have the experiences while retaining our memory of humanness would make us a human in a dog suit, not a dog.” Which suits cartoonists perfectly fine.
Cartoonists also imaginatively expand the dog-people overlap by putting dogs in human suits.
Dogs, it turns out, have no trouble at all organizing their experiences into abstract concepts with the benefit of language, especially when it comes to dissing cats.
And succeed they have, but cat lovers should not despair. This year, dogs are having their day, but next holiday season, the good folks at Random House tell me, the tables will be turned.
Cheers,
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